DNA protein synthesis, also known as gene expression, involves the transcription of DNA into mRNA and the subsequent translation of mRNA into proteins. Here is a summary of the process https://bbgate.com/media/4-mmc-mephedrone-synthesis-complete-video-tutorial.37/:
- Transcription:
- Transcription is the first step in DNA protein synthesis. It occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
- RNA polymerase binds to a specific region of DNA called the promoter and initiates transcription.
- The DNA double helix unwinds, and RNA polymerase adds complementary ribonucleotides to the growing mRNA strand, following the base-pairing rules (A with U, and G with C).
- Transcription produces a single-stranded mRNA molecule that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes.
- RNA Processing:
- After transcription, the pre-mRNA undergoes several modifications to become mature mRNA.
- These modifications include the removal of non-coding regions called introns and the joining together of coding regions called exons through a process called splicing.
- A modified 5' cap and a poly-A tail are added to the mRNA to protect it from degradation and facilitate its export from the nucleus.
- Translation:
- Translation is the second step in DNA protein synthesis. It occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes.
- The mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it is translated into a protein.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome, guided by the codons (three-nucleotide sequences) on the mRNA.
- The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and matches them with the corresponding tRNA anticodons, which carry the specific amino acids.
- As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, it catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids, resulting in the synthesis of a polypeptide chain.
- The polypeptide chain folds into its functional three-dimensional structure to become a protein.
It's important to note that DNA protein synthesis is a highly regulated process, and various factors, including transcription factors and regulatory elements, control gene expression. Additionally, post-translational modifications may occur to further modify and regulate the synthesized proteins.
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